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Functional bird populations vital to rainforest regeneration are struggling to recover in the years after the black summer bushfires devastated Australia, according to a study from the at UNSW Sydney.

The study, published in , investigated the impact of the 2019鈥2020 Australian bushfire season on the ancient Gondwanan Rainforests of Australia World Heritage Area, which were burned for the first time in recorded history.

The researchers found that unprecedented megafires negatively impacted the diversity of functional rainforest bird communities among burnt areas of the Gondwanan compared to surviving regions, as well as adjacent dry sclerophyll forests 鈥 woodland areas characterised by hard leafed and drought-adapted vegetation.

鈥淚t was important for us to compare areas that had been burnt to those that had not and also rainforests to dry sclerophyll forests, which are more adapted to burning,鈥 says , an author of the study.

鈥淲e found that the number of functional species, but also the relative abundances of species, was lower in burnt areas compared with unburnt areas across five national parks surveyed within the World Heritage Area,鈥 says Josh Lee, the study鈥檚 lead author. 鈥淭hese results contrasted the less affected and more fire-adapted and adjacent dry sclerophyll forests, which increased in diversity.鈥

Impact on rainforest recovery

With their size, duration and intensity, the 2019-20 blazes were some of the worst in bushfire history. For the Gondwanan rainforest, it was especially devastating, wiping out an estimated 50 per cent of the already scarce habitat.

鈥淭hese rainforests are 40 million years old, and the fact we鈥檝e burned up to half of it in just once fire season 鈥 which we can confidently attribute to climate change 鈥 is astounding. It鈥檚 another page in the story that is the huge impact we鈥檙e having on unique ecosystems worldwide,鈥 Mr Lee says.

The study found the most affected rainforest birds were species that eat insects, leaves or fruit. Of particular concern were fruit-eating birds such as the wompoo fruit-dove and paradise riflebird, that have significant roles in rainforest regeneration.

鈥淲e found there were fewer fruit-eating birds in the burnt rainforest than the unburnt areas, which is potentially a bad sign because it might mean that there鈥檚 less of that rainforest regeneration happening,鈥 Mr Lee says.

鈥淭hese fruit eaters disperse rainforest seeds over large distances. Rainforests need these birds to eat and then disperse the seeds for them to grow in other parts of the rainforest. If we don鈥檛 have the pigeons and doves to help the fire-affected areas of the rainforest regenerate, we are in real trouble.鈥

Because of the impact on seed-dispersing birds, the recovery of the rainforest is likely to be extremely slow and highly dependent on the emigration of animals from outside burnt areas.

鈥淭he evolutionary lineage of these rainforests is that they鈥檙e typically wet, which means their species aren鈥檛 used to exposure to fire and just aren鈥檛 well adapted to recover in general,鈥 Mr Lee says.

burnt trees in the gondwana rainforest

Evidence of fire is still clear in burnt rainforests a year after fire in Washpool National Park. Photo: Supplied.

Urgent climate action needed

The researchers say the findings indicate that no environment is safe from the direct and indirect impacts of climate change.

鈥淲e are particularly concerned about the ramifications of increasing drying with climate change and more intense bush fires on our really fire-sensitive forests and their animals,鈥 says , co-author of the study.

鈥淏ecause of just how unique these ecosystems are and how rarely they burn, we really don鈥檛 know much about what the recovery will look like,鈥 Mr Lee says. 鈥淚t remains to be seen what the impacts will be in years to come or whether the rainforest and the birds will come back at all.鈥

The researchers say it is essential to continue to work on understanding the effects of large fires on our biodiversity for long-term management plans and conservation efforts of these highly valued ecosystems.

鈥淚t鈥檚 going to be really important to get a timeline for succession that looks not just at birds, but what other flora and fauna are coming back in the areas that burn really badly, and also figure out which areas are most prone and most vulnerable to future fires,鈥 Mr Lee says.

鈥淭he intensive efforts to save the Wollemi Pine showed that we can marshal fire-fighting resources to protect our biodiversity assets,鈥 says Mr Lee. 鈥淲e might get to the point where we see a similar active approach to protect the rare and ancient ecosystems sensitive to fire, but it is costly and risky.鈥

With bushfires predicted to become more severe and more frequent as climate change continues, the need for intervention is urgent.

鈥淭hey are such unique ecosystems, so there are a lot of species that exist there found nowhere else in the world,鈥 Me Lee says. 鈥淭here鈥檚 a high level of endemism. So, if we did lose enough of these rainforest areas, whole groups of species 鈥 not just birds 鈥 would be threatened with extinction.鈥

The researchers say that we need to recognise the real cost of bushfires on biodiversity.

鈥淚naction on climate change will come at the expense of our rainforests.聽Because the recovery of the rainforest is slow, the recurrence of fire is probably going to be too frequent that rainforest won鈥檛 be able to recover and [we] will just lose more and more of it through time,鈥 Mr Lee says.

鈥淗otter temperatures and more extreme droughts will continue to have devastating impacts on our biodiversity, particularly our rainforests,鈥 Prof. Kingsford says. 鈥淲e have to reduce our emissions and get climate change under control.鈥