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And UNSW crowd safety expert Dr Milad Haghani says people attending such popular outdoor events need to be properly educated about the potential dangers.

“As part of very general crowd safety measures, we can talk about individual people in the crowd being part of the risk assessment,” Dr Haghani, from the School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, said.

“If we give them some key information and make them involved in the process then not only are they doing their own individual risk assessments, but they are also part of the collective effort to minimise any risks.

“Education should include information on how to recognise and respond to health emergencies, such as heatstroke or dehydration, which are common in large, densely packed crowds, especially in hot weather.

“I strongly advise all event organisers to put out such information on a wide range of channels, including social media and screens at the event itself, to help promote that safety culture.”

The NSW government’s  states that ‘Drinking water must be made available free of charge to patrons’, and adds that ‘The safety management plan must include provisions for sufficient water available to patrons for drinking, hygiene and cooling purposes, as well as an overview of signage indicating where free water is located.’

Both the  and the  in Sydney allow water to be brought into the stadium in soft plastic bottles, with numerous bubblers for free refills located throughout the venues.

“Crowd safety in Australia as a whole is very advanced and we have some of the best practices in the world, so I definitely don’t want to sound alarmist,” adds Dr Haghani.

“The risks are likely very minimal, but I still advocate for vigilance, for people in a crowd to stay aware of what is happening around them and be able to assess the risk – and then properly act on it if they need to.”

Rarity can increase risk-taking 

Dr Haghani urges anyone with sought-after tickets to popular concerts, such as those for Taylor Swift in Melbourne and Sydney, not to ignore crowd safety risks for fear of missing out on a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity.

The Eras Tour is only the sixth time Swift has performed concerts in Australia – and the first for five-and-a-half years since the Reputation Tour in 2018.

Most of the approximate 500,000 tickets for the Melbourne and Sydney shows  when they went on sale last June, with more than 4 million fans reportedly logging on to try to buy them.

That means the lucky few who were successful will be keen to get the best view and the best experience – but hopefully not at the expense of safety.

“For these popular events I have no doubt that rarity can play a factor in terms of risk assessment,” says Dr Haghani.

“If you are a Taylor Swift fan in California, for example, then you probably think there are going to be a few concerts over the next year or so that you could go to.

“But if you are in Brazil, or Russia, or Australia, then it could well be many years before it happens again in your country and who knows if you would able to buy tickets again because they are so hard to get.

“When fans are presented with this amazing opportunity they are willing to camp out for many hours, or even days, and maybe take bigger risks in terms of their own safety.”

Another factor can also be the age of the people within the crowd itself, which is potentially of significance at Swift’s concerts which often attract a large number of tween and teenage fans.

“We see age being a factor in road safety outcomes, so it absolutely does play a part,” says Dr Haghani.

“Young people are much more prone to risk-taking and also perhaps do not have the same level of knowledge about risk assessment, such as those which exist while being in large crowds.

“It’s understandable that if they go to a music concert they want to see the artist close-up and have the best experience they possibly can, but we hope that it does not come at the expense of safety.”

More generally, Dr Haghani says event organisers for concerts held outside or in open-air stadiums need to consider all the possible risks from weather and the elements and instigate solutions to mitigate for the risks.

“I collect a lot of data about incidents where large crowds are involved and for outdoor concerts there are many different issues that can occur.

“There have been cases where parts of the stadium or equipment has collapsed due to heavy rain, or in a heatwave there can be exposed metal which causes burns, and even a  that reportedly hospitalised seven people.

“It is the organiser and the venue’s responsibility to conduct regular safety audits to ensure that temporary structures, such as stages and barriers, are designed to withstand extreme weather conditions.

“In addition, they should be closely monitoring weather patterns and be prepared to adapt plans accordingly - including the possibility of pausing, delaying, or even cancelling events based on weather conditions.

“Organisers can and should employ a range of other strategies, including the use of advanced infrared cameras to monitor temperature variations within crowds, as well as misting showers or high-pressure air bursts around stages in cases of extreme heat.

“They should also ensure the availability of advanced pre-hospital care for medical emergencies and establish clear procedures for pausing or stopping shows if emergencies do occur.”

Music artists can be safety wardens

Dr Haghani has praised Taylor Swift for her actions during the show in Rio de Janeiro when she  to request water for a group of fans who indicated they needed it.

The show scheduled for the following night was then postponed due to the extreme temperatures, with another Swift concert in Buenos Aires, Argentina, having previously been .

“The artists on stage also have a role to play in crowd safety and Taylor Swift is a prime example of someone who I think really tries to take care of her fans,” the UNSW academic said.

“I would advise all artists to become educated about crowd behaviour and be involved in the pre-event safety briefings and understand what the likely risks might be, because up on stage they can maybe see things going on and be able to intervene.”