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Adolescence is often characterised as a time of “”.

Young people are dealing with and, as they move from childhood, can become in their lives.

In academic terms, this time of by a in students’ motivation and engagement at school. This often coincides with students’ going to high school.

How can schools better help young people at this time? In a we looked at the role of teaching support. We were especially interested to know if teachers’ influence on students’ motivation and engagement grows or fades across the adolescent years.

Our study

Our study involved 7,769 Year 6 New South Wales government school students who were tracked annually into Year 9. The students were part of the NSW Department of Education’s annual .

Students were asked questions about the teaching support they received, as well as questions about their motivation and engagement. They were given a 0–4 point rating scale (strongly disagree to strongly agree).

There were three categories of teaching support:

1. emotional support: did teachers support and care for students?

2. instrumental support: did teachers have clear expectations for students and did they make learning content seem relevant?

3. management support: were there clear rules and routines for the class?

Motivation was measured through students’ academic aspirations about the future and how much they valued school (or saw it as important). Engagement was assessed via students’ perseverance, efforts with homework, making school friends and whether they had any behaviour issues.

In our analysis we also accounted for students’ backgrounds, such as gender, socioeconomic status and prior academic achievement.

Our findings

Our findings confirm there is a decline in students’ motivation and engagement from Year 6 to Year 9 (around 18% in total). This is consistent with the known dip in early- to mid-adolescence.

But we also found in each of these four years, teaching support overall (and each of the three teaching support categories) was significantly associated with students’ motivation and engagement.

That is, more teaching support was linked to greater student aspirations, valuing school, perseverance, homework effort, connections with school friends and less misconduct at school.

Of particular note, we found the link between teaching support and students’ motivation and engagement strengthened each year. For example, teaching support was more strongly linked to students’ motivation and engagement in Year 9 than it was in Year 8. Taken together, between Year 6 and Year 9, there was a 40% increase in the role of teaching support in students’ motivation and engagement.

What this means

This is an empowering finding for teachers because adolescence is typically seen as a time when the influence of adults declines. Our results show students remain within their teacher’s orbit as they move further into adolescence.

What can we do?

Previous research suggests ideas for how teachers can provide emotional support, , and to students, including:

• spending time getting to know students

• respecting students’ individuality

• listening to students’ perspectives

• providing emotional encouragement when needed

• ensuring content and tasks are interesting and meaningful to students

• explaining how schoolwork is useful for other schoolwork, or things outside school (for example, world events or paid work)

• having clear, consistent, and logical expectations about classroom behaviour

• encouraging student input as classroom rules are developed.

There are also further practical ideas in a NSW Department of Education that accompanies our study.

With thanks to Mary Stephan, Anaïd Flesken, Fiona Halcrow and Brianna McCourt from the Centre for Education Statistics and Evaluation, NSW Department of Education. The “Tell Them From Me” survey mentioned in this article is the intellectual property of education resources company, The Learning Bar.

, Scientia Professor and Professor of Educational Psychology, and , Scientia Associate Professor of Educational Psychology,

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