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Coastal floodplains are naturally flat, low lying areas surrounding estuaries. Many of these areas have been heavily modified since European settlement.ÌýAreas that were once diverse coastal backswamps providing a magnitude of ecosystem services are now drained for agricultural purposes.ÌýÌý

Unfortunately, drainage infrastructure in these areas can cause poor water quality, including acid discharges and mass deoxygenation events.ÌýThe lowest pH WRL engineers have observed in a farm drain is 2.1 – that’s same pH as lemon juice or vinegar! ÌýÌý

These floodplains are naturally on low ground, with many areas within 1.5 m of mean sea level.Ìý This makes them susceptible to the impacts of sea level rise, which is predicted to increase by up to 1 m throughout the 21st century. Ìý

This study provides floodplain and estuary managers with a better understanding of where poor water quality is originating from, as well as assessing the vulnerability of coastal floodplains to sea level rise over the next century.ÌýThe project reports focus on the ÌýTweed, Richmond, Clarence, Macleay, Hastings, Manning and Shoalhaven estuaries.

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WRL leveraged our understanding of estuary and floodplain processes to develop a program which included field data collection, numerical modelling and desktop assessments to complete this study.ÌýÌý

WRL engineers spent over 20 weeks in the field, collecting primary field data to inform the study. The data we collected includes:Ìý

• Acid sulfate soil data across all 7 floodplainsÌý
• Measurements of hydraulic conductivity (the speed water moves through soils)Ìý
• Key information on floodgate infrastructure within the tidal reaches of the estuaries Ìý
• Cross sections of farm drains and creeksÌý

In most floodplains, more than 60% of the water quality risks are associated with 2 or 3 subcatchments.ÌýPrioritising improved floodplain management in the areas that contribute most to poor water quality has the greatest capacity to deliver sustainable land use practises and environmental benefits.ÌýÌýÌý

The geomorphology associated with the highest contributors of acid and low dissolved oxygen blackwater tends to be large, low lying coastal backswamp systems. These are the areas where existing land uses are most likely to be impacted by sea level rise through reduced drainage or sometimes tidal inundation. Proactive and socially aware changes in land management in these areas can assist communities in adapting to sea level rise while also improving the health of the estuaries that are the centre piece of the communities that live around them.ÌýÌý

• 40% of the over 1,400Ìýfloodgates surveyed for this project will be below mean water level once 67 cm of sea level rise occurs (compared to just 5% today). ÌýÌý
• There is currently about 3,000 ha below mean water level across the seven floodplains today.ÌýThis increases to 8,000 ha with 16 cm of sea level rise, and up to 23,000 ha with 67 cm (that’s bigger than some small European countries!) Ìý
• WRL engineers dug 180 soil profiles for this project.ÌýThis was over 370 m of soil profiles dug!Ìý
• The lowest pH WRL engineers have observed in a farm drain is 2.1 – that’s same as lemon juice or vinegar!Ìý